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Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::getLibrary() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 122

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::package() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/startup/packages.php on line 8

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Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::package() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/startup/packages.php on line 8

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Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::package() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/startup/packages.php on line 8

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Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::package() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/startup/packages.php on line 8

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Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::package() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/startup/packages.php on line 8

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Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::package() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/startup/packages.php on line 8

Strict Standards: Non-static method Object::camelcase() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/loader.php on line 290

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Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::library() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/packages/easy_news/controller.php on line 12

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::library() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/packages/easy_news/controller.php on line 13

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::package() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/startup/packages.php on line 8

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Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::package() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/startup/packages.php on line 8

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Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::package() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/startup/packages.php on line 8

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Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::package() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/startup/packages.php on line 8

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Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::package() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/startup/packages.php on line 8

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Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::package() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/startup/packages.php on line 8

Strict Standards: Non-static method Object::camelcase() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/loader.php on line 290

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::package() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/startup/packages.php on line 8

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Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::package() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/startup/packages.php on line 8

Strict Standards: Non-static method Object::camelcase() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/loader.php on line 290

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::package() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/startup/packages.php on line 8

Strict Standards: Non-static method Object::camelcase() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/loader.php on line 290

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::package() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/startup/packages.php on line 8

Strict Standards: Non-static method Object::camelcase() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/loader.php on line 290

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::package() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/startup/packages.php on line 8

Strict Standards: Non-static method Object::camelcase() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/loader.php on line 290

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::package() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/startup/packages.php on line 8

Strict Standards: Non-static method Object::camelcase() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/loader.php on line 290

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::package() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/startup/packages.php on line 8

Strict Standards: Non-static method Object::camelcase() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/loader.php on line 290

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::package() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/startup/packages.php on line 8

Strict Standards: Non-static method Object::camelcase() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/loader.php on line 290

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::package() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/startup/packages.php on line 8

Strict Standards: Non-static method Object::camelcase() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/loader.php on line 290

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::package() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/startup/packages.php on line 8

Strict Standards: Non-static method Object::camelcase() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/loader.php on line 290

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::package() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/startup/packages.php on line 8

Strict Standards: Non-static method Object::camelcase() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/loader.php on line 290

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::package() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/startup/packages.php on line 8

Strict Standards: Non-static method Object::camelcase() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/loader.php on line 290

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::package() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/startup/packages.php on line 8

Strict Standards: Non-static method Object::camelcase() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/loader.php on line 290

Strict Standards: Non-static method User::checkUserForeverCookie() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/startup/user.php on line 4

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/request.php on line 113

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 117

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::getLibrary() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 122

Strict Standards: Non-static method Config::get() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/startup/maintenance_mode_check.php on line 5

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::exists() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 212

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::getIdentifier() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 15

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsProxy::get() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 218

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::exists() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 69

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::getIdentifier() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 15

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 539

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 117

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::getLibrary() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 122

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::add() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 221

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::getIdentifier() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 52

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::db() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/collection_version.php on line 38

Strict Standards: Non-static method CollectionVersion::get() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/collection.php on line 33

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::db() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/collection_version.php on line 89

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::model() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/collection_version.php on line 102

Strict Standards: Non-static method CollectionAttributeKey::getAttributes() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/collection_version.php on line 103

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::db() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/attribute/categories/collection.php on line 37

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::db() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/collection_version.php on line 210

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::exists() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 212

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::getIdentifier() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 15

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsProxy::get() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 218

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::add() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 221

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::getIdentifier() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 52

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::helper() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/startup/process.php on line 28

Strict Standards: Non-static method Object::camelcase() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/loader.php on line 250

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::db() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/user.php on line 206

Strict Standards: Non-static method View::getInstance() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/dispatcher.php on line 273

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::controller() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/view.php on line 631

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::pageTypeControllerPath() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/loader.php on line 370

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::model() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/loader.php on line 320

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::db() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/collection_types.php on line 40

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::db() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/collection_types.php on line 57

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::helper() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/controller.php on line 47

Strict Standards: Non-static method Object::camelcase() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/loader.php on line 250

Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/startup/packages.php:8) in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/view.php on line 841

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::element() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/packages/cannonf700_innovation/themes/innovation/elements/header.php on line 15

Strict Standards: Non-static method View::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/page.php on line 128
Spationet :: Glossaire géographie
Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::helper() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/elements/header_required.php on line 65

Strict Standards: Non-static method View::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/helpers/html.php on line 61

Strict Standards: Non-static method Config::get() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/elements/header_required.php on line 70

Strict Standards: Non-static method Config::get() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/elements/header_required.php on line 71

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::element() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/elements/header_required.php on line 89

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::helper() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/elements/page_controls_header.php on line 3

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::helper() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/elements/page_controls_header.php on line 5

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::helper() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/elements/page_controls_header.php on line 6

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/page.php on line 24

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 117

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::getLibrary() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 122

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::db() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/collection_version.php on line 38

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::exists() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 212

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::getIdentifier() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 15

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsProxy::get() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 218

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::exists() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 69

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::getIdentifier() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 15

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 539

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 117

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::getLibrary() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 122

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::db() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 543

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::set() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 617

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 101

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::getLibrary() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 103

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 107

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::add() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 221

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::getIdentifier() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 52

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::helper() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/elements/header_required.php on line 95

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::helper() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/task_permission.php on line 198

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::db() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/task_permission.php on line 67

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::db() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/task_permission.php on line 163

Strict Standards: Non-static method View::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/controller.php on line 453

Strict Standards: Non-static method Config::get() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/elements/header_required.php on line 103

Strict Standards: Non-static method View::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/area.php on line 55

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/area.php on line 127

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 117

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::getLibrary() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 122

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::exists() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 212

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::getIdentifier() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 15

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsProxy::get() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 218

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::exists() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 69

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::getIdentifier() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 15

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::getObject() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 70

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::getIdentifier() should not be called statically in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 45

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::add() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 221

Strict Standards: Non-static method PermissionsCache::getIdentifier() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/permissions.php on line 52

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::get() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/collection.php on line 731

Strict Standards: Non-static method Cache::key() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/cache.php on line 117

Strict Standards: Non-static method View::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/page.php on line 128

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::element() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/block_view.php on line 57

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::db() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/collection.php on line 461

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::db() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/models/area.php on line 495

Strict Standards: Non-static method Loader::element() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /home/spatiogi/www/c5fr/concrete/libraries/block_view.php on line 57

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Glossaire géographie

A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z

Acteur territorial

Un acteur territorial est un habitant qui joue un rôle d'influence dans la communauté des habitants, de par son action. Cela peut-être un élu, un président d'association, un président du club local... De leur influence, peuvent découler des décisions d'aménagement du territoire.

Bassin-Versant

Un bassin versant est la zone délimitée par les lignes de crêtes les plus élevées des reliefs, dans laquelle coule une rivière ou un fleuve.  

Débit

Le débit mesure le volume des flux qui passent à un point donné d'un réseau, pendant une durée donnée.

Il peut mesurer de l'eau (l/s), des fichiers numériques (ko/s), de l'énergie (kWh)... et toute autre donnée qui réalise un mouvement. Une méthodologie claire doit être utilisée, pour installer des instruments de mesure adaptés.

Densité

La densité est le rapport entre le nombre d'items d'une population donnée, et la surface sur laquelle elle vit. Ce critère est fondamental pour plusieurs raisons. Il donne une indication de l'importance d'un phénomène donné, dans une zone donnée. Il donne aussi une idée du volume des données à traiter.

Distance

Un des principes de la géographie. La distance est afférente à l'espace, est reste un obstacle aujourd'hui encore, contre laquelle notre civilisation se construit. 


Echelle cartographique

En cartographie, l'échelle est le rapport entre la taille de l'objet sur une carte, et sa taille sur le terrain. Ce rapport est indiqué sur la carte, avec deux symbologies différentes : l'échelle graphique et l'échelle numérique.

L'échelle de la carte est différente de la résolution des données.

Echelle géographique

L'échelle géographique a la même origine que l'échelle dans le domaine cartographique.

Cependant, utiliser ce terme répond à des conventions d'usages qui peuvent paraître en dépit du bon sens. D'autre part, manipuler cette notion a des conséquences très concrètes dans le cadre d'une étude.

  • Pour ce qui concerne les conventions d'usages, on se souvient que l'échelle cartographique est le rapport entre la taille de l'objet sur la carte, et sa taille sur le terrain. Par conséquent, plus la carte est précise et détaillée, plus le ratio est faible. L'usage veut donc que pour le ratio 1/10 0 00, on parle de 'grande échelle' (car les objets sont grands). Pour le ration 1/100 000 è, on parle de 'petite échelle' (car les objets sont petits).
  • Pour ce qui concerne la manipulation de cet élément dans une étude, les répercussions sont les suivantes : l'élément le plus important à garder à l'esprit est que changer l'echelle revient à changer le niveau de détail,... et donc la précision des informations. Cela a également une conséquence directe sur le volume des données à gérer. Travailler à grande échelle sur un terrain très étendu, revient à privilégier la précision, mais aussi à gérer de très nombreuses données. Travailler à petite échelle sur un petit terrain restreint, réduit la précision mais réduit aussi le volume de données. Le choix de l'échelle a donc des conséquences sur la qualité de l'information que l'on pourra observer et traiter.

Ecoumène

C'est la partie de l'espace terrestre habitée par l'humain : les déserts, les hautes montagnes, les hautes latitudes, sont impossibles à habiter. Cette seule notion souligne le fait que l'humain a besoin d'un écosystème adapté pour pouvoir se maintenir, y compris aujourd'hui, avec tous les moyens technologiques à disposition. 

Ce mot a la même racine qu'"écologie", ou "économie" : oikos, qui signifie "maison" en grec. La racine arabe "Ouma" signifie l'humanité. 

Flux

La notion de flux est liée à celles du débit et du réseau. C'est le déplacement d'éléments donné d'un point à un autre d'un réseau.

Il est important de connaitre la direction du flux, pour avoir le solde des échanges entre l'entrée et la sortie de la partie mesurée.

Frontières

Les frontières permettent de délimiter un territoire, en étant un de ses éléments constitutifs. Elles sont cependant difficiles à décrire, car si on exige d'elles un rôle de délimitation, ce rôle peut être entendu de manière différente selon les points de vue...

A travers le temps, elles évoluent encore, y compris en France : fusions de communes, nouveaux échelons administratifs...

Géographie

Le sens ethymologique de la géographie est :

géo : le terre

graphie : dessiner, décrire.

Le but de la géographie est donc de décrire la Terre. 

La géographie décrit la Terre habitée par l'humain, qui doit assurer son existence.  Ces deux éléments sont indissociables, dans la géographie moderne la primauté revient à l'homme, et à l'observation de son activité sur la planète.

Habitants

Les habitants sont les personnes qui vivent dans un territoire. Cela implique une habitation, un lieu de travail (aujourd'hui souvent en dehors de son territoire d'habitation), des lieux de vie, des besoins en déplacements, éducation, soins...

L'habitant n'est pas forcément un acteur décisif de son territoire, mais il y a forcément un rôle.

Informations géographiques

La géographie est nourrie d'informations spécifiques : elles peuvent se rattacher à un lieu.

Des statistiques disent que 80 % des informations qui existent ont cette possibilité.

Lieu

Un lieu défini une localisation, qui aurait un sens dans la vie des habitants : site religieux, carrefour important, centre administratif...

Localisation

Un des principes de la géographie. Celle-ci n'existe pas sans localiser. 

Marches

Les frontières sont plus ou moins précises et délimitées. On peut parfois parler de 'marches', qui sont des zones de transition progressive d'un territoire vers un autre. Dans certaines études, les marches peuvent être considérées comme des territoires en tant que tel...

Milieu naturel

Le milieu naturel est l'ensemble des conditions, géologiques, atmosphériques, écologiques, dans lequel habite l'homme.

Notre civilisation tente au maximum de se libérer de ce milieu, mais tsunami et autres tremblements de terre, nous rappellent régulièrement sa présence.

Multiscalaire

Une étude 'multiscalaire' est faite à plusieurs échelles : un projet est étudié dans son contexte général (niveau régional), dans son contexte intermédiaire (niveau départemenal), et dans son contexte local. Cela permet d'évaluer les conséquences d'un projet à plusieurs niveaux.

Paysage

Le paysage est une notion assez difficile à définir. En fait, il s'agit d'une scène, dont la base est disposée par la nature, et qui est éventuellement travaillée par l'homme, par les moyens de l'agriculture, des travaux publics (génie civil). Le paysage est aussi quelque chose qui a un effet sur l'être humain, que ce soit bénéfique ou non. 

Périmètre

Le périmètre est ce qui délimite le terrain d'une étude. On parle du 'périmètre d'étude'. On peut aussi calculer facilement le périmètre d'une zone en géomatique.

Peuplement

En anglais : settlement. C'est une zone habitée qui a évolué dans le temps, assez souvent pendant 6 ou 7000 ans. Un peuplement plonge ses racines dans la préhistoire, et aujourd'hui continue à évoluer. Il s'agit de villes ou de hameaux ayant perduré dans le temps. 

Population

En termes démographiques, une population est un ensemble d'habitants recensés sur un territoire.

En termes statistiques, la population est le groupe d'individus étudiés dans un phénomène donné. Délimiter précisément ce groupe, est un exercice important.

Il permet de mieux en connaître la nature et le définir, mais aussi de connaître les méthodes adaptées pour son traitement.

Prairie

La prairie est d'une part un mot issu de l'écologie, qui résume un écosystème arrosée par l'eau de pluie et à priori sans réseau hydrologique important, basé sur une végétation herbacée, avec insectes, rongeurs, petite faune, et flore adaptée.  C'est aussi un mot des nations d'Amérique du Nord, désignant leur espace de vie. On voit là une relation entre l'écologie et la géographie : l'habitant d'amérique de nord vit sur un territoire, qui est en même temps un écosystème en tant que tel. On peut donc en déduire qu'il fait partie de cet écosystème, ou encore que cet écosystème est son milieu de vie. 

Recensement

Un recensement est une démarche mise en place pour 'décompter' la population d'individus dans un périmètre d'étude.

Cela peut concerner des espèces naturelles, des habitants...

Un recensement est une indication primordiale, après la définition du terrain d'étude, pour mener à bien une analyse, et proposer des orientations de gestion dans le terrain d'étude. Un recensement de la population est ainsi très utile pour gérer les groupes scolaires, les établissements de santé, les réseaux d'eau,...

Mal présenté, il peut être perçu comme un 'contrôle'.

Relief

Un des principes de la géographie. Un autre obstacle très important pour l'être humaine. Il a une influence sur la plupart de ses projets. 

Réseau

Le réseau est l'élément par lequel se déplacent des objets ou des personnes. Le réseau est un élément spécifique de l'espace géographique. La recherche en géographie n'a pas complètement tranché qui du réseau ou du territoire est apparu en premier. Le tout premier réseau, celui qui base tout et qui est apparu en premier, est le réseau hydrographique.

Les réseaux et territoires sont la marque de cycles de connaissances : connaissances personnelles, techniques, géographiques... 

Les éléments qui influent un réseau sont la distance, l'importance des noeuds, les conditions géophysiques (reliefs, qui peuvent être un obstacle), la présence d'autres réseaux : un réseau emprunte très souvent un tracé déjà existant, ce qui abouti à une superposition de tous les réseaux.

Selon la distance entre les sites reliés, le réseau doit être vu à des échelles variables, il peut être étudié à un niveau multiscalaire.

Sources

Les données géographiques sont l'élément de base d'une étude.

Leur création, leur recherche, leur organisation est une part indispensable du travail. Rechercher les sources d'informations liées à sa thématique fait partie d'un travail de préparation incontournable.

Il peut aboutir à la conclusion qu'il n'existe pas de sources sur le thème que l'on étudie, et dans ce cas on peut conclure à la nécessité de conduire un recensement.

Terrain

Le terrain est le lieu d'étude d'un géographe. Il rappelle le fait que les concepts de géographie humaine ne sont pas les seuls utiles. L'observation et les enquêtes peuvent être des sources d'informations décisives pour construire l'information.

Territoire

Le terme de territoire est en partie issu de l'écologie. Dans cette discipline, il défini la portion de l'espace dans laquelle un individu (nimporte quel animal ou végétal) ou un groupe d'individus peut vivre. Ceci peut être compris comme le signe de notre véritable nature, celle d'un mammifère, et de notre relation avec le milieu terrestre.

Terrien

Le terrien est l'habitant de la terre. Il n'est pas seulement l'humain, mais aussi tout espèce végétale ou animale.  

Terroir 

Le terroir est une notion protéi-forme. La richesse de ce terme est telle qu'elle pourrait faire appel à presque tous les concepts définis dans ce glossaire. Plus qu'un concept, on peut parler ici d'un paradigme.

 

En termes concrets, un terroir est un terrestre délimité (il a des frontières d'une manière ou d'une autre) ; il possède un centre administratif ; il est habité par une population homogène (avec des échanges plus ou moins importants avec l'extérieur, et par exemple avec des flux migratoires plus ou moins formalisés).

 

Par ailleurs, un terroir est facteur d'identité, individuelle et collective, pour ses habitants. Les habitants s'approprient un terroir : ils pensent en faire partie, et le terroir fait partie d'eux. Avec toutes ses particularités, il est une partie importante de la construction personnelle de l'habitant.

 

La réciproque est vraie, car l'habitant est un agent agissant très fortement sur le milieu naturel, au même titre que l'érosion. Cette action est aujourd'hui 'conscientisée' sous le vocable moderne d'"aménagement du territoire", mais le terroir a toujours une existance, que l'on pourrait qualifier d'organique, et qui est afférente à notre occupation du sol.


Thématique

Une thématique est une subdivision du regard que l'on peut porter sur l'espace terrestre. Il peut s'agit de la foresterie, du réseau de routes, du tourisme.

Détailler un territoire sous cet angle permet d'approfondir une question en particulier, et d'agir spécifiquement. Articuler différentes thématiques du territoire dans un second temps, donnera une image plus proche de la réalité, mais représentera une gageure en termes de méthodologie.

Toile

la toile est à l'origine un terme assez faible en géographie. Ici, il est la traduction de toile d'araignée en anglais (web). La référence avec le monde animale est surtout symbolique, voire conceptuelle. Le web est un réseau d'informations, qui a adopté une terminologie très géographique : sites, adresses, portails, navigation, butinage.... Le monde numérique fait parfois référence aux animaux ou à la nature, ce qui apporte un niveau de lecture symboliquement proche de la nature.

Tourisme

Le Tourisme est un exemple de thématique pouvant être étudiée dans un territoire. Atout économique, il est aussi vecteur de brassage d'idées, et peut avoir de grosses répercussions sur le milieur naturel et sur le milieu sociétal d'une collectivité (au sens littéral du terme). 

Evaluer l'impact ou le potentiel d'une activité touristique sur un territoire, est un travail de détection des facteurs déclenchants, des liens de causalité, des difficultés, des atouts, des flux, ...

Cela peut apporter une connaissance améliorée des conditions de développement de ce thème, du volume d'activité à attendre, des pratiques des visiteurs, des qualifications nécessaires pas les 'locaux'...


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